[ahmed.moussa]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

لأصدقاء الأعزاء أطلعت مؤخراً على كتاب خاص عن تاريخ تطور شبكة الإنترنت والخدمات التي تقدمها ، وهو باللغة الإنجليزية. ما لفت نظري فيه هو اعتماده على العديد من المصادر الهامة التي تهم الباحثين والراغبين في إعدادا وكتابة دراسات عن شبكة الإنترنت، وما أكتبة هو مجرد مسودة وعند انتهائي من كل فصل فسوف أقوم بإضافته ، وقد ابتغيت بكتابتها تعريف العديد من المفاهيم ولكن لم أقوم بصياغتها بلغة سليمة لذلك أرجو معذرتي وإذا تسنى لي الوقت فسوف أقوم بصياغتها ومراجعتها مرة أخرى، ولكن الهدف منها هو مساعدة الباحثين الراغبين في إعداد دراسات عنها وأسف للإطالة .

[ahmed.moussa]

The internet

Book for: Jennifer Roche, Mike Junior.

1) Overview of the internet Technology and Value Network

The internet: is a vast collection of networks of computers that are interconnected both physically and through their ability to encoded and decoded certain specialized communications protocol called the Internet Protocol (IP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

IP & TCP: IP describe how information to be transmitted should be broken down into small packets, while TCO describe how to stream of package should be reconstructed at the other end and what to do.

The internet infrastructure: consist of (5) major elements

1-Backbone routers (digital switches).
2-Points of presence (Pops).
3-Computers servers.
4-Users connected to the computers (individuals and enterprises).

Backbones:
is a high speed communication lines “Trunk lines” mad from fiber optics the capacity of this lines connected to high speed computers to transfer data among this computers the bandwidth of this line refers to the capacity of data transfers it expressed in the number of bits transfer per second (BPS) or millions per second (MBPS) or for a very high capacity lines (GBPS).


The switches:
take the information to pass it along to the next backbones lines, i.e. in perform a “routing” functions , deciding on which direction to pass traffic and it’s called “Routers” (when you ask for an information from a lot of sources so that make a traffic so the routers decide and organize this traffic ).

Users:
there is two kind of users individuals who connect to the internet via (ISP) or (POP) and the medium enterprises and large connect to the internet by (LANs) “which consist of a various hardware”through a fire wall of without fire wall to protect the (LANs) from the users or out abuses.

The world wide web:
WWW it's a collections of computer which connected together and which support hypertext "which mean you can select a text to show additional information about soothing and drive you to another page or pages" and the hypertext don't follow the normal text liner from top to bottom but in contains a sum of likes, but how can the user can know which items are available? The authors decide which items contain worthy information and add special link to pages or pages which contain farther information.

The "internet value network":
all the components refer the more user of the internet and more interrelations create a value for the end users customers and companies.
.products and in the same time be as a portals.

1) Users:
the companies which use the internet intensively in their business and we exclude the companies which use the internet only periphery their business, we can divided users into 4 groups:

1) E-commerce: companies sell goods over the internet.
Two definition the company which sell its products through the internet or any company use the internet to sell or buy it's product, even this company manufacture it's product or buy it and resell it again to the end buyers or it's a downstream buyers when need to conflict with the internet it called internet conflict.

2)Content aggregators: the companies aggregate content and display in their site.
This company is listed as a users or suppliers because it's intensive work to use the internet and provides contents.

3) Market maker: ply a role as intermediates or brokers between seller and buyer.
"In a contrast of expectation" the biggest company in the internet is ply a role as a brokers no a anufactures and try to bring the buyers and the seller to gathers and get a commissions, so the internet increase the number of brokers and intermediates.

4) Service provider: the companies which furnish all the internet service.
This service include the consulting and software through the internet and EDS "Electronic data system" when company hire another company to run its business through the internet and to run its business on the internet and it's called outsourcing "mean to use another company to run it's activities through the internet".

[ahmed.moussa]

2) Communication service:
the communications service is divided into two segments
1)Backbone service providers which maintain their own backbone line.

2)An internet service providers and last mile providers (ISPs) deliver the internet service to the individuals, large and medium company.

And the problems which face this company is recovering fixed cost and they try do develop new equipment for connection.

5)Backbone operators: the first segment which able to built the infrastructure of the internet which is the line with large bandwidth and able to handle a large digital traffic.

6)ISPs / OSPs: is to enable individuals to connect to the internet by provide them by software and hardware, ISPs to the free content on the internet, OSPs is to content require paying a fee to able to use its services.


7)Last mile: is the company that provide the consumer by the service of the internet like (POP) Points of Presence by cable or fiber optic like (ISDN) Internet Service Digital Network, (DSL) Digital Subscribe Lines.

3) Suppliers: the companies or enterprises which provide the consumers with the software and hardware which use to help the individuals and company to connect to the internet, and they divided into 3 segments.

8)Content creators: its mean the company which provide the intellectual content (text like dispensing financial news, video, graphic, games), the main problem arise because the extremely inexpensive of making the digital media thus making a very difficult to enforcement the intellectual property, a lot of company make profit from sell this media through the internet and some other company offer it for free, some company get profit from selling complementary goods like Sony sell offer games for free but it's needs hardware which produce by the company.

9) Software suppliers: the companies which develop software to help the users to access the computers like word process separate sheet, and sell it to end-users or intermediates. Theoretically the company can cover its fixed coast on the long run; also we consider the e-commerce software and shopping technology as software like "shopping cart" allow the customers to keeps track of purchases from one pages to another, "Micro cash" which allow the customers to pay a very little sum of money, "order/payment" to be able to pay through the internet and do transactions.

10) Hardware suppliers: it' all hardware manufacture even for the computers hard ware or servers or connections technology which facilities using the internet

[ahmed.moussa]

References

1-Haim Mednelson "a note on internet technology" Stanford University graduated, school of business #S-oit-15, January, 1999.
2-See also www.whatis.com/tourenv.htm .
3- Charles W. Hill, "American Online Technology", 4th edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), PP.C92-C106.
4-Boardwatch magazine's Directory of internet Service Providers (golden, CO: Penton Media, 1999).
5-Stephen Segaller, Nerds: A brief history of the internet (New York: TV books, 199 ) , and see also Info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/internet/history/HIT.html
6-Jeffery F.Rayport, "the truth about the internet Business models", "strategy and business" 16 (3rd quarter 1999)", PP.5-7.
7-Dow Jones & Company, Inc., Quarterly Report, SEC form 10-Q, November 12-1999.